INVESTIGATING AN ASSET-BASED LITERACY AND LEADERSHIP AFTERSCHOOL PROGRAM FOR MINORITIZED HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Authors: He Len Chung, Sarah Richer, Mansi Bhargava, Brandon Hoang & Daniel Inwood

ABSTRACT

The current study used a qualitative research approach to investigate a reading-intensive afterschool program in a high-burden neighborhood that has experienced disproportionate levels of stress, violence, and trauma. Consistent with an asset-based framework, the program viewed students’ identities and experiences as strengths to propel academic achievement and the development of agentic learners. Qualitative one-on-one interviews were conducted with ten high school-aged Black and Hispanic youth who participated in the program during the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants reflected on how the program promoted positive youth development by emphasizing relationship-building, developing a culture of connectedness, and helping them prepare for the future. The program also established literacy as a social practice where the surrounding context appeared to shape academic and social-emotional outcomes. Results suggest that out-of-school time organizations are in a unique position to support adolescent identity development. The implications of study findings are discussed in terms of the role that afterschool programming can play in centering culture and identity for Black and Hispanic youth.

Keywords: youth development, afterschool program, Out-of-School-Time program, asset-based pedagogy, literacy program, urban education, high school leaders

REFERENCES

  • Afterschool Alliance. (2020). America after 3PM: Demand grows, opportunity shrinks.  https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/Documents/AA3PM-National-Report.pdf
  • Assarroudi, A., Nabavi, F. H., Armat, M. R., Ebadi, A., & Vaismoradi, M. (2018). Directed qualitative content analysis: The description and elaboration of its underpinning methods and data analysis process. Journal of Research in Nursing, 23(1), 42–55. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 17449 87117 741667
  • Barton, D., & Hamilton, M. (2000). Literacy practices. In D. Barton, M. Hamilton, & R. Ivanic (Eds.), Situated literacies: Reading and writing in context (pp. 7-15). Routledge.
  • Capital City Youth Violence Coalition. (2019). Trenton youth safety playbook: Goals, objectives, and recommended strategies for the reduction of youth violence in Trenton, New Jersey. https://ccyvc.pages.tcnj.edu/files/2019/04/CCYVC-Playbook-April-2019.pdf.
  • Chung, H. L., Jusu, B., Christensen, K., Venescar, P., & Tran, D. (2018). Creative arts and positive youth development in an urban afterschool program. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(2), 187–201.
  • Cook-Sather, A. (2022). Toward equitable and inclusive school practices: Expanding approaches to “research with” young people. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 66(3), 146–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1265
  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
  • Francois, C. (2021). Expectations, relevance, and relationships: Striving toward ideals for adolescent literacy instruction in an urban secondary school. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 37(5), 462–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2021.1878403
  • Fredricks, J. A., & Simpkins, S. D. (2012). Promoting positive youth development through organized after-school activities: Taking a closer look at participation of ethnic minority youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00206.x
  • Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of freedom: Ethics, democracy, and civic courage. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Garbarino, J. (2022). The war-zone mentality — mental health effects of gun violence in U.S. children and adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(13), 1149–1151. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2209422
  • Ginwright, S. (2015). Hope and healing in urban education: How urban activists and teachers are reclaiming matters of the heart. Routledge.
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Publishing.
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: A. K. A. the remix. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.p2rj131485484751
  • Lee, C. D. (2003). Why we need to re-think race and ethnicity in educational research. Educational Researcher, 32(5), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032005003
  • Mahoney, J. L., Parente, M. E., & Zigler, E. F. (2009). Afterschool programs in America: Origins, growth, popularity, and politics. Journal of Youth Development, 4(3), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.5195/JYD.2009.250
  • McCracken, G. D. (1988). The long interview (13th ed). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986229
  • Murray, I. E., & Milner, H. R. (2015). Toward a pedagogy of sociopolitical consciousness in outside of school programs. The Urban Review, 47(5), 893–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0339-4
  • NJ Department of Education. (2021). 4-Year Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rates, Cohorts 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. https://www.nj.gov/education/schoolperformance/grad/ACGR.shtml
  • Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
  • O’Donnell, J., & Kirkner, S. L. (2014). Effects of an out-of-school program on Urban High School Youth’s academic performance. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21603
  • Perry, T. (2003). Achieving in post-civil rights America: The outline of a theory. In T. Perry, C. Steele, & A. Hilliard (Eds.), Young, gifted and Black: Promoting high achievement among African-American students (pp. 87–108). Beacon Press.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning, and well-being. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 171–195). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
  • Schwartz, K., Cappella, E., & Seidman, E. (2015). Extracurricular participation and course performance in the Middle Grades: A study of low-income, urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3-4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9752-9
  • Sciurba, K. (2014). Texts as mirrors, texts as windows. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(4), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.358
  • Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1981). The psychology of literacy. Harvard University Press.
  • Seal, D., Nguyen, A., & Beyer, K. (2014). Youth exposure to violence in an urban setting. Urban Studies Research, 2014, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/368047
  • Seeger, C., Parsons, S., & View, J. L. (2022). Equity-centered instructional adaptations in high-poverty schools. Education and Urban Society, 54(9), 1027–1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245221076088
  • Street, B. V. (1995). Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, ethnography and education. Longman.
  • Trenton Health Team. (2020). Health indicators: Mercer County by the numbers. Trenton Health Team. https://trentonhealthteam.org/resources/health-indicators
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). QuickFacts: Trenton City, NJ. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/trentoncitynewjersey/RHI225218
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4
  • Woods-Jaeger, B., Briggs, E. C., Gaylord-Harden, N., Cho, B., & Lemon, E. (2021). Translating cultural assets research into action to mitigate adverse childhood experience–related health disparities among African American youth. American Psychologist, 76(2), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000779
  • Yosso, T., Smith, W., Ceja, M., & Solorzano, D. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79(4), 659–691. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l