International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce

THE SCHOOL UNIFORM IN EUROPEAN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY: FROM UNIFORMITY TO MODERN EDUCATIONAL REALITY

Author: Apostolos Karaoulas

ABSTRACT

The school uniform has historically functioned as a regulatory tool for students’ external appearance, reflecting the prevailing social, cultural, and political values that have shaped the educational policies of each era. Throughout European history, the uniform was instituted as a means of discipline, social control, and the reinforcement of collective identity, particularly during the formation of national education systems. Its establishment was linked to the logic of mass education, the promotion of equality, and the maintenance of a neutral, serious educational environment. However, from the second half of the 20th century onwards, post-war societal changes and the assertion of individual freedoms gradually led to a questioning of the universal and standardized use of school uniforms. The educational process progressively adapted to broader social transformations that marked a shift toward social emancipation, recognition of diversity, and the adoption of more progressive pedagogical approaches.

In the current European educational landscape, dress codes remain in effect, even though school uniforms have been abolished in many countries. Students’ appearance continues to be regulated through informal or formal rules, shaping the dress protocol within the school environment. The relationship between clothing, individual expression, and respect for the school setting raises dilemmas, as freedom of choice is at times perceived as progress and at other times as a threat to social cohesion. A comparative geographical perspective highlights diverse perceptions regarding the role of the uniform, confirming the close connection between educational policy, social class, and cultural norms. Considering the changing social values of the 21st century, revisiting regulatory frameworks on dress emerges as a significant process of educational adjustment.

Keywords: School uniform, school appearance, social identity, social cohesion, freedom of expression.

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