QUALITY, EQUALITY, AND EQUITY IN EDUCATION: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS

Ait Ben Assila Rachid & Issam Igbida

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to clarify the concepts of quality, equality, and equity in education and to understand their evolution in order to best identify all the semic aura relating to the subject. We will also show that educational inequalities in themselves have never ceased to be anchored in a nuanced way in the ideology of human beings. As part of a multidisciplinary field, these notions are imbued with a dynamic that is constantly being invented and reconstructed. Historically constructed, F. Dubet judges its full content when he confirms that “ yesterday’s inequalities are not always those of today and will not necessarily be those of tomorrow”. That said, it is no longer a question of equalizing the chances of access to school, but of guaranteeing fair academic competition. In this sense, we will show that historical evolution is more and more committed to progressing towards the concept of equity as a complement to that of equality.

Keywords: Quality, equality, equity, education

REFERENCES

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, JA, & Yared , P. (2005). From Education to Democracy? American Economic Review, 95 (2), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774669916
  • Ait ben assila , R. (2020). Primary education in Morocco: quantitative and qualitative analysis of the determinants of quality and inequalities in school performance (Thesis). Cadi Ayyad University Marrakesh.
  • Ait ben assila , R., Ibourk , A., & Chadati , B. (2020). Why is the level of Moroccan primary school students so low? Quantitative analysis. Economic Reflections , 39‑54 .
  • Ait Daoud, L., Bougroum , M., & Ibourk , A. (2014). Non-formal education in Morocco: the determinants of quality in literacy programs. Continuing Education , 139 , 137-146 .
  • World Bank. (1988). Education in sub-Saharan Africa, for a strategy of adjustment, revitalization and expansion . Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.worldcat.org/title/education-en-afrique-sub-saharienne-pour-une-strategie-adjustment-de-revitalisation-et-dexpansion/oclc/19730110
  • World Bank. (2007, January). A journey not yet completed: educational reform in the Middle East and North Africa – executive summary (No 46790). Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/282041468278035533/Un-parcours-non-ecore-acheve-la-reforme-de-education-au-Middle-East-and-in-North-Africa- summary-analytical
  • Barahinduka , E. (2018). The determinants of teacher effectiveness : The case of the cantonal test at the end of primary schooling in Burundi (OMN.UNIV.EUROP.) (French Edition) . European university editions.
  • Benbiga , A., Hanchane , S., & Idir , N. (2013). The evaluation of educational achievements in Morocco: new approaches. Economic Critique , 30 , 29-66. https://doi.org/10.48409/IMIST.PRSM/ce-n30.4694
  • Bernard, JM (2007). The educational production function revisited in the framework of Education For All in sub-Saharan Africa: From theoretical and methodological limits to contributions to educational policy (Thesis). University of Burgundy, Dijon.
  • Boucherf , K. (2016). Quantitative method vs qualitative method? : Contribution to a debate. The Cahiers du CREAD , 116 , 09‑29 .
  • Boudon, R., & Fillieule , R. (2002). Methods in Sociology (WHAT DO I KNOW?) . French University Press – PUF.
  • Boukous , A. (1979). The sociolinguistic profile of Morocco: methodological contribution. Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco , 140 , 05-31 .
  • Bourdieu, P. (1966). The conservative school: Inequalities before school and before culture. French Review of Sociology , 7 (3), 325. https://doi.org/10.2307/3319132
  • Bourdieu, P., Passeron , J., & Nice, R. (1990). Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, 2nd Edition (Theory, Culture & Society) (2nd ed .). Wise Publications.
  • Bouzouina , L. (2008). Spatial segregation and metropolitan dynamics (Thesis). Faculty of Economics and Management University Lumière, Lyon 2. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2008/bouzouina_l#p=0&a=title
  • Bressoux , P. (2001). Reflections on the teacher-effect and the study of teaching practices. The Records of Educational Sciences , 5 (1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.3406/dsedu.2001.949
  • Bryman, A. (1984). The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology? The British Journal of Sociology , 35 (1), 75. https://doi.org/10.2307/590553
  • Higher Council for Education, Training and Scientific Research. (2015). Annual report: Assessment and outlook for the board’s action. https://www.csefrs.ma/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Rapport-dactivit—FR-.pdf
  • Higher Council for Education, Training and Scientific Research. (2016). National program for the evaluation of the achievements of students in the common core (PNEA 2016). https://www.csefrs.ma/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Rapport-methodologie-Final.pdf
  • Durkheim, E. (2013). Education and Sociology (Quadrige) (French Edition) (PUF Presses Universitaires de France ed.). PUF.
  • Ezzrari , A. (2019). School performance in Morocco according to the PISA 2018 survey . Economic Reflections , 17 . http://refeco.org/les-performances-scolaires-au-maroc-selon-lenquete-pisa-2018-par-abdeljaouad-ezzrari/
  • Gimeno, JB (1984). School failure in primary education . Unesco.
  • Grootaers , D. (2006). Beyond an exhausted meritocracy. The new review , 4 , 34-43 . https://www.revuenouvelle.be/IMG/pdf/034-043Grootaers.pdf
  • Halsey, A.H. (1959). Class differences in general intelligence: I. British Journal of Statistical Psychology , 12 (1), 1 – 4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00019.x
  • Hijri , NE, Montmarquette , C., & Mourji , F. (1995). The determinants of school results: econometric study based on surveys in Morocco. Journal of Development Economics , 3 (1), 53‑76. https://doi.org/10.3406/recod.1995.917
  • Hutcheon, PD, & Coombs, PH (1986). The World Crisis in Education: The View from the Eighties. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation , 11 (2), 201. https://doi.org/10.2307/1494808
  • Ibourk , A. (2017). Micro-econometric analysis of academic achievement in reading in Morocco. Education Hubs , 43 (1), 231. https://doi.org/10.3917/cdle.043.0231
  • Lautman , J., Bourdieu, P., & Passeron , JC (1965). The heirs. Students and culture. French Review of Sociology , 6 (3), 397. https://doi.org/10.2307/3319424
  • M., D., Bourdieu, P., & Passeron , JC (1972). The reproduction. Elements for a theory of the education system. Population (French Edition) , 27 (2), 335. https://doi.org/10.2307/1529298
  • Ministry of National Education of Morocco (2016). Compendium of education statistics 2015–2016. https://www.men.gov.ma/Ar/Documents/Depliant2015-16.pdf
  • Molénat , X. (2008). Unschool society. Human Sciences , N°199 (12), 27. https://doi.org/10.3917/sh.199.0027
  • Mourji , MF, & Tamsamani , Y. (2020). Education: individual decisions and collective issues. Thoughts Economics , 1 , 13-24 .
  • Nechyba , T. (1997). Existence of equilibrium and stratification in local and hierarchical tiebout economies with property taxes and voting. Economic Theory. 10.
  • Chicken, F. (2008). Mr. Duru-Bellat . School inflation – The disappointments of meritocracy. Educational and Vocational Guidance , 37/4 , 569-570 . https://doi.org/10.4000/osp.1808
  • United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Human Development Report (No 2016). http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf
  • Rothstein, J., (2006), “Good principals or good peers: Parental valuation of school characteristics, tiebout equilibrium, and the incentive effects of competition among jurisdictions”. American Economic Review, 96(4), p. 1333–1350
  • Shiefelbein , E. and Simmons, J. (1978). The Determinants of School Achievement in Developing Countries: A Review of the Research. in Economic Development and Cultural Change 26(2).
  • Universalis , Encyclopaedia . (2016). The inequality of opportunity. Social mobility in industrial societies by Raymond Boudon: Les Fiches de Lecture d’ Universalis (French Edition) . Encyclopedia Universalis .
  • Yayan , B., & Berberoglu , G. (2004). A re-analysis of the TIMSS 1999 mathematics assessment data of the Turkish students. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 30(1), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-491x(04)90005-3