CHANGES IN STUDENTS DISCIPLINE AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN HIGH SCHOOLS OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION

Authors: Easaw Alemayehu Assefa & Chehos Kebede Zenebe

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and far-reaching impact on education systems worldwide, including high schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether the discipline of students in the high schools of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has changed after the COVID-19 pandemic or not. Utilizing a mixed-method study, the manuscript investigates the impact of the pandemic, disruptions to routines and structures, and limitations on in-person interactions on student discipline. The quantitative analysis provides statistical data on the prevalence and nature of discipline issues before and after COVID-19, while the qualitative analysis explores the experiences and perspectives of students, teachers, parents, and administrators.  The findings suggest that the pandemic has presented challenges for students in maintaining discipline. The shift to remote learning created difficulties in direct supervision, while the blurring of boundaries between school and home disrupted the usual routines and structures that contribute to discipline. Limited socialization opportunities and reduced engagement with peers and teachers may have further affected student behavior. The implications of the findings highlight the need for educational institutions and administrators to adapt their approaches to discipline, teachers to utilize innovative instructional methods, parents to actively support discipline at home, policy-makers to consider the long-term effects on student discipline, and future research to explore effective interventions. By addressing these implications, stakeholders can collaboratively promote a positive learning environment and support students in navigating the challenges brought about by the pandemic.

Keywords: Changes, Covid-19, Discipline, High Schools

REFERENCES

  • Abdallah, A. K., & Alriyami, R. (2022). Changes in the education landscape caused by COVID-19: Opportunities and challenges from UAE perspective. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 14(3), 544-559.
  • Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2015). Social learning theory. The handbook of criminological theory, 230-240.
  • Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2019). The social learning theory of crime and deviance. Handbook on crime and deviance, 113-129.
  • Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2017). The empirical status of social learning theory of crime and deviance: The past, present, and future. Taking stock, 37-76.
  • Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. Handbook of socialization theory and research, 213, 262.
  • Bandura, A. (1985). Model of causality in social learning theory. In Cognition and psychotherapy (pp. 81-99). Boston, MA: Springer US.
  • Bayley, S., Meshesha, D. W., Ramchandani, P., Rose, P., Woldehanna, T., & Yorke, L. (2021). Socio-emotional and Academic Learning before and after COVID-19 School Closures: Evidence from Ethiopia. RISE Working Paper 21/082.
  • Belay, D. G. (2020). COVID-19, Distance Learning and Educational Inequality in Rural Ethiopia. Pedagogical research, 5(4).
  • Besser, A., Flett, G. L., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2022). Adaptability to a sudden transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the challenges for students. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 8(2), 85.
  • Birhanu, Z., Tesfaye, G., & Tareke, K. G. (2022). COVID-19 self-protective practices and associated factors among secondary school students in Jimma town, Jimma, Oromia, Southwest Ethiopia. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1082563.
  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., … & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126.
  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., … & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126.
  • Budhrani, K., Martin, F., Malabanan, O., & Espiritu, J. L. (2021). How did parents balance it all? Work-from-home parents’ engagement in academic and support roles during remote learning. Journal of Online Learning Research, 7(2), 153-184.
  • Cuong, V. M., Assanangkornchai, S., Wichaidit, W., Minh Hanh, V. T., & My Hanh, H. T. (2021). Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Journal of behavioral addictions, 10(3), 722-730.
  • Darling-Hammond, L., Schachner, A., & Edgerton, A. K. (2020). Restarting and Reinventing School: Learning in the Time of COVID and Beyond. Learning Policy Institute.
  • De Paola, M., Gioia, F., & Scoppa, V. (2022). Online teaching, procrastination and students’ achievement: evidence from COVID-19 induced remote learning.
  • Emmer, E. T., & Gerwels, M. C. (2013). Classroom management in middle and high school classrooms. In Handbook of classroom management (pp. 417-448). Routledge.
  • Fabbri, C., Bhatia, A., Petzold, M., Jugder, M., Guedes, A., Cappa, C., & Devries, K. (2021). Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children. Child abuse & neglect, 116, 104897.
  • Garbe, A., Ogurlu, U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2020). COVID-19 and remote learning: Experiences of parents with children during the pandemic. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 45-65.
  • Gelles, L. A., Lord, S. M., Hoople, G. D., Chen, D. A., & Mejia, J. A. (2020). Compassionate flexibility and self-discipline: Student adaptation to emergency remote teaching in an integrated engineering energy course during COVID-19. Education Sciences, 10(11), 304.
  • Grusec, J. E. (1994). Social learning theory and developmental psychology: The legacies of Robert R. Sears and Albert Bandura.
  • Gülmez, D., & Aydan, O. R. D. U. (2022). Back to the classroom: Teachers’ views on classroom management after Covid-19. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 6(2), 257-286.
  • Islamy, M. R. F., Komariah, K. S., Kurniani, E., Yusfiana, F. M., & Marwah, S. (2022). Improving Student Polite Character in Online Learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Bulletin of Science Education, 2(1), 41-51.
  • Jones, N., Devonald, M., Dutton, R., Baird, S., Yadete, W., & Gezahegne, K. (2022). Disrupted education trajectories: Exploring the effects of Covid‐19 on adolescent learning and priorities for “building back better” education systems in Ethiopia. Development policy review, 40, e12607.
  • Kebede, B. F., Genie, Y. D., Tesfa, T. B., Hiwot, A. Y., Abagelan, A. M., & Zerihun, M. S. (2022). Adherence to Covid-19 preventive measures among high school students in Jimma town, South-West Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 17(12), e0279081.
  • Krumboltz, J. D., Mitchell, A. M., & Jones, G. B. (1976). A social learning theory of career selection. The counseling psychologist, 6(1), 71-81.
  • Leech, N. L., Gullett, S., Cummings, M. H., & Haug, C. A. (2022). The Challenges of Remote K-12 Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences by Grade Level. Online Learning, 26(1), 245-267.
  • Liu, J., Wu, B., & Qu, J. (2021). Chinese adolescents’ rebellion during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discipline and resistance in online compulsory education. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 1-19.
  • Maisto, S. A., Carey, K. B., & Bradizza, C. M. (1999). Social learning theory.
  • Manea, C. N., & Gări-Neguț, O. (2021). When “face-to-face” is no longer an option: Classroom management challenges during the covid-19 pandemics. Educational Challenges, 26(2), 13-25.
  • McLeod, S. (2011). Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. Simply Psychology. London.
  • McNeal Jr, R. B. (1999). Parental involvement as social capital: Differential effectiveness on science achievement, truancy, and dropping out. Social forces, 78(1), 117-144.
  • Muksin, S. N. B., & Makhsin, M. B. (2021). A level of student self-discipline in e-learning during pandemic Covid-19. Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 278-283.
  • Novianti, R., & Garzia, M. (2020). Parental engagement in children’s online learning during covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Teaching and Learning in Elementary Education, 3(2), 117-131.
  • Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., … & Davis, M. M. (2020). Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. Pediatrics, 146(4).
  • Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Sellers, C. S., Thomas Winfree Jr, L., Madensen, T. D., Daigle, L. E., … & Gau, J. M. (2010). The empirical status of social learning theory: A meta‐analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), 765-802.
  • Rotter, J. B. (2021). Social learning theory. In Expectations and actions (pp. 241-260). Routledge.
  • Rotter, J. B., Chance, J. E., & Phares, E. J. (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality.
  • Siegel, A. A., Zarb, M., Alshaigy, B., Blanchard, J., Crick, T., Glassey, R., … & Williams, D. (2021). Teaching through a global pandemic: educational landscapes before, during and after COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 2021 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 1-25).
  • Welsh, R. O. (2022). School discipline in the age of COVID-19: Exploring patterns, policy, and practice considerations. Peabody Journal of education, 97(3), 291-308.