ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PROFITABILITY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING OF HETEROTIS NILOTICUS (CUVIER, 1829) UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF KISANGANI (TSHOPO, RD. CONGO)

Authors: Amatcho Kalonda Alexander-Armand, Botombatomba Lifindiki Joseph, Basongwa Ataenafa Hector, Ngalya Benge Nathalie, Danadu Mizani Célestin, Lingofo Bolaya Roger & Kankonda Busanga Alidor

ABSTRACT

The economic and financier profitability of experimental farming of Heterotis niloticus fry was analyzed under the conditions of Kisangani. One hundred twenty (120) fly with an initial weight of 6.75±0.24 g to 7.05±0.19g an initial size of 4.27±0.16 to 29±0.07 cm were used. They were fed with two isoproteic diets, in two meals a day (8:30 AM and 4:30 PM), for 6 weeks. Weight and size were monitored at the end of each week from a sample of 40 individuals selected randomly, with 10 specimens per trap.  The results obtained reveal that the fry show reduced growth in both experimental diets, meaning that the species grows more in length than in weight. The physic-chimical parameters of water are shaped by the breeding of the species, and certain physico-chimical parameters of water such as temperature, PH, dissolved oxygen and transparency influence the growth of Heterotis niloticus fry. The experimental regimes used are economical and financially viable for the farming of H. niloticus under the conditions in Kisangani.

Keywords: profitability, economic, financial, regime, fry, Kisangani

REFERENCES

  • Adite, A., Winemiller, K. O., & E. D. Fiogbe, 2006. Population structure and reproduction of the African bonytongue Heterotis niloticus in the Sô River-floodplain system (West Africa): implications for management. Ecology of Freshwater Fishes 15: 30-39.
  • Adite, Alphonse, 2012. Heterotis niloticus (African Bonytongue) data sheet. CABI Comprend, 80116.
  • Adite, A.,  Ediye, M.M., Toko, I.I., Abou, Y., Imorou, R.S., Sonon, S.P., 2017. Morphological and Meristic Characterization of the African Bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829), from Lake Hlan and Sô River, Southern Benin, West Africa: The Need for Habitat Protection and Species Conservation. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Res., 2, 16-28.
  • Almaida Arsene F.M., Houenou Hippolyte L., M., Iwa Léon, Chango Fakorédé, Tsubaki Hiromi, Nanao Hitonori, Ogino Yoshikazu, Masuda Kiyoshi, 2014. Management of the fish farm. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries/Republic of Benin and Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1-18 p.
  • Akonkwa B., Danadu C., Katenda J.M., Mulimbwa N., Nyembo K., 2017. Fishing: a productive sector in danger in the Democratic Republic of Congo. http://cebios.naturalsciences.be.
  • Amanie-Adjei, S.K., 2022. Sex Differentiation and the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Reproduction of the African Bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus). Master’s Thesis, Kwame Nkurumah University, kumasi, Ghana, 95p.
  • Amon Yao Nicolas, KONE Tiéhoua, KIEN NI Kakou Paul Valère and YAO Kouakou, 2021. Study of the survival and growth of Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) reared in concrete tanks in Côte d’Ivoire. Article, Journal of Applied Biosciences, 160: 16475 – 16481 ISSN 1997-5902.
  • Arantes C.C., Castello L., Cetra M., Schilling A., 2013. Environmental influences on the distribution of arapaima in Amazon flood plains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 96 (10 -11): 1257-1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011- 9917-9.
  • Coulibaly N., 2003. Relation taille-poids de 11 espèces de poissons du Burkina Faso. In Palomares M.L.D., Samb B., Diouf T., Vikily J.M. & Pauly D. (Eds.). Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global interferences. ACPEU Fisheries 44 Reseaech Report, (14), 292 p.
  • FAO, 2009. Profiles of fisheries and aquaculture in DR Congo. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 16 p. Available on the Internet: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso-congo/fr.
  • FAO, 2017. General view of the aquaculture sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 10 p.
  • FAO, 2020.  Fishery Statistical Collections: Global Capture Production 1950-2018. Available Online: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en (accessed on 24 24 septembre 2024).
  • FAO, 2025. FAO Country Profiles of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2022. Country profile fact sheets. In fisheries and aquaculture updated February 7, 2022. https:/www.fao.org/fisherry/fr/facp/cod
  • Faturoti, E.O., Obase, S.O., 1993. Growth responses and yield of Heterotis (Heterotis niloticus) on articial diets. In Proceedings of the 10th Annual conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON); pp.87-94.
  • Gouri-Bi, T.F.; Yéo, G.M.; Yapi, J.N.; Ouatara, N.I.; Blé, M.C., 2022. Effects of stocking density on growth performance, feed utilization and economic profibality of juvenile Heterotis niloticus reared in a pen fish farming. Int. J. Biosci., 21, 232-238.
  • Iga-Iga Robert (2008). Contribution to the development of feeds for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus based on local inputs: the case of Gabon, Master’s thesis, Institute of Agronomic and Forestry Research (IRAF), 25-30.
  • Kimou, N. B., Koumi, R. A., Koffi, M. K., Atsé, C. B., Ouattara, I. N., & Kouamé, P. L., 2016. Use of agri-food by-products in the feed of farmed fish in Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers Agricultures, 25 (2). https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2016012.
  • Kongbo A.G., Onandambo T.N., Lusasi W.S., F.N.U. Nyongombe, Ngbolua K.N. 2024. Analysis of the profitability of Periphyton-based subsistence fish farming in Gemena (South Ubangi Province) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 193: 20488 – 20512 ISSN 1997-5902.
  • Lethimonnier, D., Bentz, B.,  Mikolases, O., Oswald, M., 2022. Case study of innovations in commercial West African family fish farming that led to an ecological intensification. Aquat. Living Resour., 35, 6p.
  • Le Cren, E., 1951. The length-weight relation-ship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition of the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol., 20, 210-219.
  • Mavinga NJ., 2008. Report on the impact of fish imports on small-scale fishing in the Lower River Retrieved July 27, 2016, https://www crafodorg/document/artisanal fishing.
  • Minagri (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock/DRC), 2008a. Sustainable Development Strategy for Aquaculture in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished, 22 p.
  • Minagri (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock/DRC), 2008b. Aquaculture Development Plan in the Democratic Republic of Congo 2010-2015. Unpublished, 49 p.
  • Minpe (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock/DRC), 2017. Workshop on aquaculture in the ATLAFCOM zone: a potential in search of development. M’DIQ: From 13 to 15 April 2017, Morocco, 18 p.
  • Minpe (Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture/DRC), 2021. Interviews with the managers of the Aquaculture Directorate: State of play and perspectives. Interviews of 7, 9 and 14 July 2021, Kinshasa.
  • Mili S., Jarboui O., Missaoui H., 2008. Biometric characters of the Squilla mantis in Tunisian waters. Bull. Inst. Nat. Scient. Tech. Oceanogr. Pêche Salambô, 35:1-14.
  • Monentcham, S.E., Kouam, J.,  Pouomongne, V.,  Kestemont, P., 2009.  Biology and prospect of aquaculture of African Bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) : A review. Aquacilture , 289, 191-198.
  • Monentcham M.S.E., 2009. Feeding and Nutrition of juveniles of Heterotis niloticus (Arapaimidae, Teleostei), First estimates of nutritional needs and valorization of plant by-products. Doctoral thesis, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 19; 28-36p.
  • Mustapha, M.K., 2010. Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829), a threatened fish species in oyun reserved, offa, Nigeria: The need for its conservation. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 1, 511-514.
  • Ngalya Mbenge, 2021. State of play and potentialities of the breeding of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) in Kisangani (Tshopo, DRC): Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Fish Farming. Complementary Master’s thesis in aquaculture, Faculty of Management of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Kisangani, 26p.
  • Oboh, A., 2022. Diversification of farmed fish species: means to increase aquaculture production in Nigeria. Rev. Aquac., 14, 2089-2098.
  • Oswald M.; Glasser F.; Laubier F., 2003. Fish farming techniques: technical and economic management of ponds. GretMAE (Ed), Mémento de l’Agronomie CIRAD, 24 p.
  • Ogunji, J., Wuertz, S., 2023. Aquaclture developpement in Nigeria: The second Biggest Aquaculture producer in Africa. Water, 15, 4224.
  • Ozigbo, E., Anyadike, C., Adegbite, O., Kolawole, P., 2014.  Review of Aquaculture production and management in Nigeria. Am. J. Exp. Agric., 40, 1137-1151.
  • Paraïso A., Sossou A., Yègbémey R & Biaou G., 2012. Economic and financial profitability of cotton production in Ouaké in northwestern Benin. Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 16 (1): 91-105 ISSN: 1659-5009.
  • Thabet Rabeb, 2017. Comparative study of the breeding of Nile tilapia “Oreochromis niloticus” between fresh and geothermal waters in Tunisia, master’s thesis, Higher Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Bizerte – Tunisia, 29-35p.
  • Wikondi, J., Tonfack, D.J., Meutchieye, F., Tomedi, T.M., 2022. Aquaculture of heterotis niloticus in sub-saharan Africa: Potentials and Perspectives. Genet. Biodivers. J., 6,37-44.